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Key messages • Approximately, there are 2,100 WtE facilities in 42 countries. They have a treatment  capacity of around 360 million tons of waste per year. Asia and Europe lead the WtE  sector. • Globally, the WtE feedstock typically reflects the income level of the region. The  higher the income the lower the percentage of organic matter. • WtE plants are too small to generate large economies of scale. The specific costs of the  adopted technologies are rather high, leading to very capital-intensive facilities.  Consequently, the continuity of operation and revenue from both selling electricity and  waste treatment fee are key considerations.  • Key factors with a significant influence on the integration of the CO2 capture system  with the WtE plant are: the location; the type of CO2 capture system; the feedstock; the  incineration technology; and the installation scenario (i.e. greenfield or retrofit).  • Amine-based chemical absorption is the preferred capture technology on current WtE  facilities. This option, for partial and full CO2 capture, has been considered for the seven  projects identified in this study, based in The Netherlands, Norway, and Japan.  • The first concern with the use of an amine-based chemical absorption system is the flue gas composition, as amines can be easily degraded in the presence of impurities. For  the integration of this CO2 capture system in WtE facilities the flue gas requires pretreatment. The chemical handling, spatial integration, and energy supply to cover the  energy requirement for the CO2 capture system are also important factors to consider.  1 The original reference provided the values in tonnes. The following conversion has been used: 1 ton=0.907185  tonne i• Decisions on the integration of a CO2 capture system with a WtE facility, or a district  heating scheme (if existing), and with the transport, and storage or use of the CO2, will depend on the specific location or region amongst other techno-economic aspects.  • In this study, ten regions were selected for the analysis of the market potential of CCUS  in the WtE sector: South Africa, USA, India, Japan, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands,  UK, Norway, and Australia (see Table 6).  • A review of the regulatory frameworks in these countries was carried out to highlight  and compare different schemes. European Emission Level Values (ELVs) at the WtE  stack were identified as more stringent compared to the USA (California) and Japan,  while Australia and South Africa are similar. Indian thresholds are slightly higher  compared to the EU countries.  • These ten regions were analysed under eight proposed criteria (opportunity for  CCS/CCU; possible integration with district heating; local CO2 emission factors for  power and heat generation; CCUS regulation and carbon pricing mechanisms for WtE;  diffusion of WtE; social acceptance of WtE and CCUS; WtE regulation: NOx and SOx  emission limits; and average WtE plant size). Under these criteria, the USA, The  Netherlands, and Germany showed the highest relative market potential, while Japan,  Norway, and UK also have relatively good capability. India presented the lowest  relative potential due to the lack of environmental policies related to CO2 capture in  WtE facilities.  

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